Monday, August 20, 2012

Tuesday August 21 Housing and Economic stories



TOP STORIES:

Police Chief’s $204,000 Pension Shows How Cities Crashed - (www.bloomberg.com) Stockton, California, Police Chief Tom Morris was supposed to bring stability to law enforcement when he was appointed to the job four years ago. He lasted eight months and left the now-bankrupt city at age 52 with an annual pension that pays more than $204,000 -- the third of four chiefs who stayed in the position for less than three years and retired with an average of 92 percent of their final salaries. Stockton, which filed for bankruptcy protection on June 28, is among California cities from the Mexican border to the San Francisco Bay confronting rising pension costs as they contend with growing unemployment and declining property- and sales-tax revenue. The pensions are the consequence of decisions made when stock markets were soaring, technology money flooded the state, and retirement funds were running surpluses.

Hospital Chain Investigation Found Dubious Cardiac Work - (www.nytimes.com) In the summer of 2010, a troubling letter reached the chief ethics officer of the hospital giant HCA, written by a former nurse at one of the company’s hospitals in Florida. In a follow-up interview, the nurse said a doctor at the Lawnwood Regional Medical Center, in the small coastal city of Fort Pierce, had been performing heart procedures on patients who did not need them, putting their lives at risk. “It bothered me,” the nurse, C. T. Tomlinson, said in a telephone interview. “I’m a registered nurse. I care about my patients.”

Standard Chartered may lose NY license over Iran ties - (www.reuters.com) In a rare move, New York's top bank regulator threatened to strip the state banking license of Standard Chartered Plc, saying it was a "rogue institution" that hid $250 billion in transactions tied to Iran, in violation of U.S. law. The New York State Department of Financial Services (DFS) on Monday said the British bank "schemed" with the Iranian government and hid from law-enforcement officials some 60,000 secret transactions to generate hundreds of millions of dollars in fees over nearly 10 years.

Social Security's Era of 'Free Money' Comes to an End - (www.cnbc.com) People retiring today are part of the first generation of workers who have paid more in Social Security taxes during their careers than they will receive in benefits after they retire. It’s a historic shift that will only get worse for future retirees, according to an analysis by The Associated Press. Previous generations got a much better bargain, mainly because payroll taxes were very low when Social Security was enacted in the 1930s and remained so for decades.

Knight Blowup Shows How High-Speed Traders Outrace Rules - (www.bloomberg.com)  The U.S. has the most sophisticated financial markets in the world, yet they can unaccountably spin out of control at a moment’s notice. The latest case involves Knight Capital Group Inc. (KCG), a securities-trading company in Jersey City, New Jersey, that was laid low by one of its inadequately tested computer-trading programs. In less than an hour on Aug. 1, the program entered incorrect bids for about 150 stocks into the interconnected electronic marketplace. Computer programs at other firms sniffed out the errors and traded against Knight. By the end of the day, the company was out $440 million, forcing it to seek outside financing to survive. This debacle highlights a market weakness that regulators have been unable to address because high-frequency trading has raced ahead of the humans who try to contain the mischief it can cause. Industry resistance to improved regulation hasn’t helped. 





Sunday, August 19, 2012

Monday August 20 Housing and Economic stories



TOP STORIES:

Hedge Fund Titan Plans to Return $2 Billion to Investors - (www.nytimes.com)  A hedge fund titan has decided to return a large sum of money to investors, a revealing illustration of how dried-up markets, vicious volatility and a paralysis of ideas all borne of the crisis in Europe have been particularly hard on the traders who swing for the fences on currencies, stocks and bonds all over the world. Louis M. Bacon, who together with Paul Tudor Jones and George Soros has come to define this style of high-stakes macro investing for more than 20 years, said in a letter to his investors on Wednesday that he would be giving back $2 billion, about one quarter of the size his benchmark Moore Global Investment fund.

GSE regulator DeMarco says NO principal reduction - (www.ochousingnews.com)  The regulator for government-run housing finance giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac said on Tuesday that using taxpayer-funded bank bailout money could encourage defaults and not make a big improvement in reducing foreclosures in a cost-effective way for taxpayers. “The anticipated benefits do not outweigh the costs and risks,” said the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s head Edward DeMarco, who has come under intense pressure from the government to agree to the plan.

Governments overestimate cenbank's capacity: Weidmann - (www.reuters.com)  Governments overestimate the central bank's capacities and place too many demands on it, Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann said in an internal interview conducted on June 29 and released by the Bundesbank on Wednesday. Marking its 55-year anniversary, the bank published an interview with Weidmann and former Bundesbank president Helmut Schlesinger in which Weidmann underscored the importance of the central bank's independence, saying that in the past not everything governments wanted had made economic sense.

Economic Thinkers Try to Solve the Euro Puzzle - (www.nytimes.com) Most people have heard of the Marshall Plan. Some might even know what Brady bonds are. But they have not yet heard of the Brunnermeier plan. Or Bishop bonds. Or the Gros accord. That is because they do not exist yet — except as dreamy proposals by economic thinkers to fix the European debt crisis. While dealing with Europe’s financial difficulties has been a grim slog for the Continent’s austerity-weary citizens and its frustrated policy makers, it is the opportunity of a lifetime for ambitious idea merchants looking for fame.

De Guindos Said to Push More Spain Cuts as Germany Signals Aid - (www.bloomberg.com) Spanish Economy Minister Luis de Guindos is pushing for additional budget cuts after Germany signaled to him that such a move would be rewarded by bond market assistance, according to two people in Madrid familiar with his thinking. De Guindos wants further cuts in health and education spending after his German counterpart, Wolfgang Schaeuble, told him that such a move would enable Germany to support any steps by the European Central Bank to push down Spanish borrowing costs, said the people, who discussed the proposal with the economy minister. They asked not to be named as the discussions were confidential. ECB President Mario Draghi also backs de Guindos’s push, said one of the people.





Thursday, August 16, 2012

Friday August 17 Housing and Economic stories



TOP STORIES:

The Paragraph In Deutsche Bank's Layoff Statement That Should Scare All Of Wall Street – (www.businessinsider.com)  We found one paragraph that gives you a hint of what will happen if you do get to keep your job at Deutsche Bank. Basically, you should expect some changes in your compensation. Deutsche Bank is committed to being at the forefront of cultural change in the banking industry. As part of a range of measures to bring about a cultural change, the Bank is reviewing its compensation practices, in order to address both the absolute level of compensation and the relative balance between rewards for shareholders and those for employees. In addition, the Bank is reviewing its codes of personal conduct to ensure that they are in line with its long tradition of doing business to the highest standards. That goes along with what Meredith Whitney said this morning on Bloomberg TV— Wall Street should expect more job cuts and lower compensation across the board. (Learn more about Whitney's life and calls here). After all, this isn't just a Deutsche Bank problem. The capital requirements that are making cash so expensive for them are industry-wide (for big banks, at least). And other risk factors that make cash hard to find (like the sovereign debt crisis in Europe) are ongoing.

Spain to Urge More Regional Budget Cuts as Deficit Deepens - (www.bloomberg.com) Budget Minister Cristobal Montoro will urge Spain’s regions to extend budget cuts today during a meeting Catalonia plans to boycott, as efforts to prevent them defaulting deepen the central government’s own deficit. Representatives of Spain’s 17 semi-autonomous regional governments are scheduled to convene in Madrid at 4:30 p.m. for a budget checkup. Data released today showed the central government exceeded its target for the 2012 budget shortfall with half the year still to go. The biggest contributor to Spain’s economy, the Catalonia region centered on Barcelona, said today it won’t take part in the meeting to protest the central government’s rigid stance on deficits. No news filtered out from a separate gathering before the talks between Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and regional executives from his People’s Party.

Deutsche Bank to Cut 1,900 Jobs in Bid to Save EU3 Billion - (www.bloomberg.com) Deutsche Bank AG (DBK) said it will eliminate 1,900 jobs by the end of the year, including 1,500 at the investment bank and support areas, as part of an effort to save 3 billion euros ($3.68 billion). Germany’s biggest lender, which employed 10,079 at the investment bank at the end of June, said most of the positions slated for removal at the unit will be outside Germany. The Frankfurt-based lender forecast “substantial costs” to achieve the savings without giving an exact figure in a statement to the stock exchange today. The job reductions were prompted by a strategy review Anshu Jain and Juergen Fitschen, Deutsche Bank’s new co-chief executive officers, are conducting as the lender grapples with declining revenue from the investment bank, which reported a 63 percent decline in second-quarter earnings today. Pretax profit at the unit slid to 357 million euros, missing the 835 million- euro average estimate of eight analysts surveyed by Bloomberg.

As ‘fiscal cliff’ looms, debate over pre-Election Day layoff notices heats up - (www.washingtonpost.com) The deep federal spending cuts scheduled to take effect at the start of next year may trigger dismissal notices for tens of thousands of employees of government contractors, companies and analysts say, and the warnings may start going out at a particularly sensitive time: Days before the presidential election. By law, all but the smallest companies must notify their workforce at least 60 days in advance when they know of specific job cuts that are likely to happen. Obama administration officials say that the threat of layoffs is overblown and that Republicans are playing up the possibility rather than trying to head it off. The Labor Department said Monday that it would be “inappropriate” for contractors to send out large-scale dismissal notices, because it is unclear whether the federal cuts will occur and how they would be carried out.

Capital flees Spain as budget gap jumps - (www.reuters.com)  Capital flight from Spain gathered pace in May and the central government deficit rose further above target in June, taking the country two steps closer to the full-scale bailout it is desperate to avoid. Outflows rose to 41.3 billion euros ($50.6 billion) as the government's rescue of one its biggest banks hit already fragile investor confidence and triggered a plea for European aid worth up to 100 billion euros for the country's lenders. In all, 163 billion euros - or around 16 percent of economic output - left Spain between January and May, with domestic banks sending money abroad, foreign lenders pulling out cash and mostly non-resident investors dumping domestic assets.






Wednesday, August 15, 2012

Thursday August 16 Housing and Economic stories



TOP STORIES:

The real crash is dead ahead, as 2008 is forgotten - (www.marketwatch.com) “Facebook will become the poster child for the current social-media bubble,” warns economist Gary Shilling in his latest Forbes column, “just as Pets.com was for the dot-com bubble.” Yes, Wall Street is repeating the 2000 dot-com crash as today’s social-media bubble crashes and burns. Think history folks: Remember 2000-2002? The economy suffered a 30-month recession and a brutal bear market. The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaked at 11,722, then crashed, losing over 4,000 points dropping below 7,500, down more than 43%, with massive losses of more than $8 trillion in market cap. But it gets worse: Shilling’s bluntly warning: “If we aren’t already in a recession, we’re getting very close.” Yes, he’s more reserved than Nobel economist Paul Krugman, whose latest book goes beyond hinting that the America economy is repeating the 2000-2002 recession, His title says it all: “End This Depression Now!”

A Extremely Severe Downturn Is On Its Way - (www.businessinsider.com) The European debt crisis is over! Italy and Spain have it all figured out! The problem isn't unsustainable debt loads, ineffective economic policies and a lack of competitiveness on the global stage. It's that evil short sellers are pushing down the shares of European banks just so they can make a profit. Oy. We've been here before. Since the 2008 financial crisis, securities regulators around the world have waged fruitless wars on short selling.  The short selling bans in Italy and Spain are the latest attempt by sovereign nations to blame traders for their problems. It makes no sense. Short selling, when done legally, is a healthy way for the market to regulate itself. There is nothing inherently wrong with betting that a stock will go down when the fundamentals for a company paint an unhealthy picture. Short sellers, who borrow stocks and sell them with the hopes of returning the shares later at a lower price, were instrumental in highlighting problems at scandal ridden companies like Enron and Tyco in the early part of the "Naughty Aughties."

Only Mario Draghi's ECB can avert global calamity before year's end - (www.telegraph.co.uk) Mario Draghi has promised the moon. The European Central Bank’s council had better deliver on his pledge this week. If it does not, the crisis will surely escalate out of control in August or soon after. e are beyond the point where a quarter point rate cut will achieve anything. Nor will it help to launch a fresh round of "temporary and limited" bond purchases - to use the self-defeating language that Mr Draghi is forced to utter. The only issue that matters at this late stage is whether Germany is willing to let the ECB step up to its responsibility as a global central bank after two years of ideological posturing and take all risk of sovereign default in Spain and Italy off the table - which it can do easily enough once it stops playing politics and obeys the “financial stability” clause (Article 127) of the Lisbon Treaty.

Changed by Wall Street, for Wall Street - (www.nytimes.com) AND so Liborgate drags on and on and on. Last week, two senior Washington officials — Timothy F. Geithner, the Treasury secretary, and Gary Gensler, the head of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission — testified before Congress about the scandal surrounding Libor, the benchmark for global interest rates. No great revelations were forthcoming. As we await the full story, it’s worth remembering how Libor, the London interbank offered rate, became the world standard to begin with. You probably won’t be shocked to learn that in mortgages, at least, Wall Street played a role in pushing Libor over another rate benchmark — one that some bankers say was better for borrowers. Before this scandal made headlines, few people outside of finance knew what Libor was. But according to the Center for Responsible Lending, half of the nation’s adjustable-rate home mortgages are based on it. Since 2002, more than 12 million A.R.M.’s, worth $3.5 trillion, have been indexed to Libor, according to the center.

Spain’s unemployment rate hits record 24.6 percent - (www.washingtonpost.com) The number of people unemployed in Spain hit a record high, official figures showed Friday, as the International Monetary Fund urged European leaders to quickly fulfill their promises to help the country and the 17-country eurozone. The recession-hit country’s unemployment rate rose to 24.63 percent in the second quarter, up 0.19 percentage points from the previous three months, the National Statistics Institute said. The rate is the highest in the eurozone and is worse than Spain’s previous record of 24.55 percent hit in 1994, according to the country’s Labor Force Survey.




Tuesday, August 14, 2012

Wednesday August 15 Housing and Economic stories



TOP STORIES:

Worsening Illinois drought points to increasingly ominous signs for crops - (www.chicagotribune.com) More than 95 percent of Illinois is in a severe drought or worse, according to a national report Thursday that increased concerns about how the hot, dry summer is affecting farming. Most of Cook County is in a moderate drought, and other parts of the Chicago area are suffering through severe drought. But the central and southern portions of Illinois are experiencing even worse conditions that are classified as extreme or exceptional, according to the National Drought Mitigation Center. Surrounding states, especially Missouri and Indiana, have also been hit hard, with 55.5 percent of the Midwest experiencing at least a severe drought, compared with 45.6 percent of the country.

Spanish Banks Hit by Real-Estate Woes - (online.wsj.com) One large and two midsize Spanish banks reported sharply lower second-quarter profit Friday after setting aside billions of euros to cover real-estate-related losses amid a deepening economic slump. Caixabank SA,  Spain's third-largest lender by market value, number five bank Banco Popular Español SA and smaller Banco Español de Credito SA,  all said they had set aside most of their profit to bolster their buffers against property sector losses, after the government twice this year raised the minimum required provisioning level for banks.

Shale Writedowns Begin as Lower Prices Follow Record M&A - (www.bloomberg.com) The record slump in natural-gas prices signals companies from BHP Billiton Ltd. (BHP) to Ultra Petroleum Corp. (UPL) (UPL) are at risk of writing off billions of dollars of assets following a bubble in U.S. shale-gas acreage. The clearest sign came yesterday, when BG Group Plc (BG/) and Encana Corp. (ECA) said they were writing down a total of $3 billion in the value of their gas properties in North America. “This is not something we are alone in facing as natural- gas prices remain low,” Encana Chief Financial Officer Sherri Brillon said at a June 21 investor meeting when she warned of impending impairment charges. Energy companies have been struggling to adjust to lower prices since a glut in supplies from booming shale production deflated gas futures to a 10-year low this year. 

Greek Budget Talks Stumble As EU Urges Samaras To Deliver - (www.bloomberg.com) Greek political leaders struggled to clinch agreement on an 11.5 billion-euro ($14 billion) package of budget cuts, as international creditors began a review of Greece’s progress that may determine its future in the euro. Prime Minister Antonis Samaras and his coalition partners, Evangelos Venizelos of Pasok and Fotis Kouvelis of Democratic Left, are to meet again on July 30 to determine the savings required to receive the funds pledged under Greece’s two rescue packages totaling 240 billion euros. European Commission President Jose Barroso urged Samaras to make good on promises. “The key word here is deliver,” Barroso said after meeting the premier, the first visit to Greece by a senior European Union official in more than a year. “Deliver, deliver, deliver. The delays must end. Words are not enough.”

Euro-Zone Gloom Deepens - (online.wsj.com) The pace of economic contraction in the euro-zone picked up in July compared with the previous month as consumer and business confidence weakened amid the deepening fiscal and banking crises, according to a measure of activity compiled by the Centre for Economic Policy Research and the Bank of Italy. A monthly survey also released Friday showed consumer confidence in France, the euro zone's second-largest economy, weakened in July, and the unemployment rate in Spain continued to rise in the second quarter, hitting a record high of 24.63%.





Monday, August 13, 2012

Tuesday August 14 Housing and Economic stories



TOP STORIES:

Half of Recent College Grands Under/Un-employed - (www.cleveland.com) The college class of 2012 is in for a rude welcome to the world of work. A weak labor market already has left half of young college graduates either jobless or underemployed in positions that don't fully use their skills and knowledge. Young adults with bachelor's degrees are increasingly scraping by in lower-wage jobs -- waiter or waitress, bartender, retail clerk or receptionist, for example -- and that's confounding their hopes a degree would pay off despite higher tuition and mounting student loans.

Housing Bubbling Like 2008 on $4 Trillion Stimulus: Mortgages - (www.bloomberg.com) “I originally set my budget at HK$3 million,” or $390,000, Liu said by telephone. “Now that’s barely enough for a down payment.” Liu’s plight is shared by homebuyers as far away as Canada, Switzerland and Norway as a flood of money supplied by central banks globally to prop up the financial system finds its way into markets regarded as havens from economic turmoil and Europe’s sovereign-debt crisis, pushing down borrowing costs and driving up home values. The U.S. Federal Reserve has held interest rates near zero since 2008 to stimulate the world’s largest economy, forcing faster growing economies such as Hong Kong to adopt a loose monetary policy that fuels inflation. “The Fed’s trying to save the day, yet it’s creating a lot of distortions both at home and internationally,” Mickey Levy, chief economist at Bank of America Corp. in New York, said by phone. “The Fed is understating the magnitude of these distortions,” such as rising real estate prices and low bond yields, he said. Investors in search of higher returns are moving into appreciating real estate markets benefiting from strong economies and stable governments not burdened by high levels of debt.

Severe drought adds 76 counties to list of U.S. disaster areas - (www.washingtonpost.com) The nation’s worst drought in a half-century has spread, and 76 counties in six Midwestern states were declared disaster areas Wednesday as the Obama administration added them to the more than 1,300 counties already on the list. At least two-thirds of the area of the contiguous United States is experiencing moderate to exceptional drought, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Drought Monitor. Hot, dry conditions have caused significant damage to corn, soybeans, pastures and rangeland from California to Upstate New York, a USDA statement said. Corn and soybean crop ratings have worsened for seven weeks in a row, and are the lowest recorded since 1988, the agency said. Fifty-five percent of the nation’s pastures and rangeland areas are rated poor or very poor.

The Men in Black Are Back in Athens to Check the Books - (www.bloomberg.com) The men in black are back in Athens. Greece is hosting members of the so-called Troika, representatives from the euro zone, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, who are there to assess how far the country may have strayed from the terms of its bailout package. Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras will be talking with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso today, before sitting down with the Troika tomorrow. The objective is to convince creditors to release the next bundle of cash under the country’s rescue plan, largely with a further 11.5 billion euros of cuts for 2013 and 2014.

Signs of Deepening Downturn Multiply in Europe - (www.nytimes.com) The economies of Europe continue to weaken, with Britain reporting on Wednesday that its second recession in three years had deepened and several other reports showing business conditions were deteriorating in Germany. The weakness puts additional pressure on Spain and Italy, which are struggling to avoid the painful paths of Italy, Portugal and Greece to full-scale international bailouts for government financing. And it puts pressure on countries throughout the euro zone that could be asked to provide further financial assistance for their neighbors.






Sunday, August 12, 2012

Monday August 13 Housing and Economic stories



TOP STORIES:

Cities at Tipping Point Tear Up Contracts to Stay Solvent - (www.bloomberg.com) Philadelphia, which may close a quarter of its schools by 2017 to save cash, has to boost pay for firefighters even though the city’s fiscal overseer says that would “blow up the budget.” An arbitration award means the estimated $238 million cost of the wage and benefit increase through 2017 must be borne by the city where a quarter of residents live in poverty, double the state rate. The burden of personnel expenses shouldered by Philadelphia also bears down on cities across the U.S. as tax revenue fails to keep pace with labor costs. Municipal leaders now regard steps that were considered drastic, such as imposing unpaid time off and using IOUs, as reasonable options, said Gary Chaison, who teaches industrial relations at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. He called it a “tipping point.” “So many cities are under financial siege that they are ready to abandon their collective-bargaining agreements even if they have emergency procedures in place like Detroit, and even if it means antagonizing completely, and probably permanently, their public-sector unions,” Chaison said. Some, such as Central Falls, Rhode Island, have used bankruptcy to break labor contracts.

Big banks' glory days feared to be gone for good - (www.reuters.com) The summer of 2012 may be remembered as the time when regulation, scandals and a protracted slow-growth economy finally caught up with big American banks. Ever since the financial crisis, U.S. banks and their investors have held out hopes of a return to the good times, when lending profits steadily rose and commercial and investment banking flourished together. But analysts and investors are now questioning whether things have changed for good. "My gut says all these megabanks are worth more separately than combined," said Bill Black, managing partner of Consector Capital, a hedge fund that focuses on bank trading. Smaller, more focused banks could attract investors, satisfy regulators and increase depressed stock prices, he said.

Mortgaging your way to a college education - (www.doctorhousingbubble.com) In California, many of those buying these $500,000 homes with low interest rates think they got a major deal.  It is likely they are middle class so they are unlikely to qualify for many grants and aid.  So many of these home buyers with kids are “school obsessed” so they are likely aiming for elite public universities or top private schools that cost upwards of $50,000 per year.  As you can see from the above chart, many parents are co-signing the loans for their children.  A student going to a private school might end up having $100,000 or more in debt when they are done and many are moving back home.  That co-signer is on the hook as well.  The data shows growing default rates: There is no guarantee of a good paying job in this market even with a college degree.  The unemployment rate of those with private student loans is 16 percent (twice the nationwide headline figure).  Of those with a bachelor degree the unemployment rate was 11 percent.  As previously noted, more private student loan debt is going to for-profit institutions so this is likely to push the unemployment rate even higher than the headline unemployment rate.  So you have to wonder how eager will these young graduates be to purchase that first home and take on more debt?

Second mortgages hold short sellers hostage - (www.ochousingnews.com) Why do short sales take so long? Basically, banks don’t want to take a loss, and short sales cause them to lose money — a lot of money.  Short sales come in two basic varieties; properties with second mortgages and properties without. If a property does not have a second mortgage, short sales are generally quicker and easier to approve. The first mortgage is often covered by mortgage insurance, and as a percentage of the total loan amount, any losses are generally small. If a property has a second mortgage — and millions do — then the situation becomes much more complicated. In lien priority, when a property sells in a short sale, the first mortgage holder gets paid in full before the second mortgage holder gets a penny. There is no sharing of losses by law. Therefore, if the first mortgage is underwater, the second mortgage has no collateral backing, and if the property goes to foreclosure, the mortgage is worth nothing — a 100% loss. During the housing bubble, banks often held second mortgages on HELOCs on their own books and sold off the first mortgage to MBS pools. As a result, the major banks hold billions of dollars in underwater second mortgages worth basically nothing. Of course, thanks to mark-to-fantasy accounting, that’s not how they record them on their books.

Obama still trying to explain 'you didn't build that' comment - (www.washingtontimes.com) Amid signs that Republican Mitt Romney’s attacks on President Obama’s economic views are having an impact, Mr. Obama is trying for the second straight week to clarify his comments that self-made entrepreneurs aren’t entirely responsible for their own success. At a campaign event in California Monday night, Mr. Obama accused the Romney campaign of “splicing and dicing” his controversial comments for partisan gain. And he tried to emphasize his belief in American entrepreneurship. “I believe with all my heart that it is the drive and the ingenuity of Americans who start businesses that lead to their success,” Mr. Obama told supporters at a rally in Oakland. “I always have and I always will. The ability for somebody who’s willing to work hard, put in their sweat and their sacrifice to turn their idea into a profitable business, that’s the nature of America. That’s what helped make our economy the envy of the world.”